Social Learning Theory Essay Example for Free

Social Learning Theory Essay Albert Bandura proposed the theory of social learning. There are three core concepts. First is the idea that people can learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior. Badura demonstrated observational learning in his Bobo doll experiment. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting violent toward a Bobo doll. Later when the children were allowed to play with the Bobo doll they imitated the previous aggressive actions. From this experiment, Bandura noted the concept of intrinsic reinforcement. Intrinsic reinforcement is a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction, and a sense of accomplishment. Bandua also learned from the experiment that learning does not necessarily change behavior. By the children learning observationally from the adult, they demonstrated that people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors. Once you understand social learning you are able to understand how we learn in social environments. Bandura’s idea of intrinsic reinforcement, introduced the idea of internal reward as another influence to learning. This idea on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. He also changed behaviorists’ previous ideas that learning led to a permanent change in behavior. Finally Bandua helped us to understand how to successfully learn; through attention, retention, reproduction, and finally motivation. Understanding social learning has changed my view of the world. Understanding the way we learn socially has made me recognize the importance of modeling appropriate behaviors to children or anyone who is following your example. Furthermore, I have learned that importance of encouragement to build self-efficacy, in order, to fully learn in a social setting.

A Case Study of the International Finance Corporation in Nigeria :: Economics Business Case Study Essays

IFC Mission- ‘To promote sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.’ â€Å"The World Bank’s role, in my opinion, is to help improve the business environment in the developing countries so that the private sector can drive growth.†- Mr. Peter Woicke, Executive Vice President of the World Bank Group (WBG) in charge of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) - Lagos, August 2004. At the time Mr. Woicke was speaking, IFC involvement in Nigeria had reached $200million in investment commitments, a figure quickly surpassed in less than a year from that date (as at June 2005, IFC investment in Nigeria was to the tune of $290million). This was in spite of the fact that only five short years before (in 1999), IFC was doing practically no business in Nigeria and merely had a functional working office in Lagos. Mr. Woicke went on to say- â€Å"We have increased our exposure since democracy returned from almost nothing to almost $800 million and an exposure at the IFC of about $200 million. We have made a bigger bet to have the bank (WB) and the IFC work on Nigeria’s problems together. We were quite instrumental in advising the government on reforms in the telecom sector. We have been pushing very hard for privatization of other sectors.† Clearly, the advent of democracy had re-ignited interest in Nigeria. The initiation of a reform agenda by the new government was also playing a part in this renewed interest in Nigeria. Beyond financial commitments however, IFC was beginning to offer a great deal of other services towards developing the economic environment of business in Nigeria. As Mr. Woicke put it- â€Å"I actually think we should increase our presence quite (in Nigeria) dramatically. We don’t necessarily want to lend tons of money to Nigeria, because Nigeria has lots of resources. We can contribute in terms of providing advice, transferring technology, providing technical know-how in social, environmental and corporate governance issues† Indeed, the nature of IFC operations globally and increasingly in Nigeria were such that contribution was becoming greater in terms of technology, advice, social development, environmental assistance, corporate governance and ethical issues, and global competitiveness concerns. IFC had begun to realize that their market, and indeed their business model had reached a pivotal moment wherein clients had begun to expect more than just project finance deals and long term syndications. Governments were asking for help on private sector issues that went far beyond privatization or concession structuring. There had arisen a case for IFC involvement as much in the Economic as in the Social, Environmental, Technological, Global and indeed perhaps ultimately- Political Environment of Business. II. IFC- HISTORY AND EVOLUTION The International Finance Corporation (IFC) was founded in 1956 to

Zappos

Zappos was founded by Nick Swinmurn in 1999. The initial inspiration came when he couldn’t find a pair of brown Airwalks at his local mall. That same year, Swinmurn approached Tony Hsieh and Alfred Lin with the idea of selling shoes online. The company was officially launched in June 1999, under the original domain name â€Å"ShoeSite.com. A few months after their launch, the company's name was changed from ShoeSite to Zappos so as not to limit itself to selling only footwear.In January 2000, Venture Frogs invested additional capital, and allowed Zappos to move into their office space. During this time, Hsieh found that he â€Å"had the most fun with Zappos† and came on board as co-CEO with Nick Swinmurn. After minimal gross sales in 1999, Zappos brought in $1.6 million in revenue in 2000 (Chafkin, 2006). Culture of ZapposCulture can be defined as the set of key values, assumptions, understandings, and norms that is shared by members of an organization and taught to ne w members as correct. Your culture or work environment will form based on all of the values, experiences, knowledge, and education of your existing workforce. How people work together and especially, the values of the company's founders or leaders forms the culture you have. Zappos consciously creates and reinforces its corporate culture. The work environment provided for employees won't attract every job searcher and it's not for every employee.The people who fit the corporate culture thrive working for Zappos. In an interview with Rebecca Henry, the former Director of Human Resources for Zappos, two key factors stood out. The company consciously decides what the corporate culture needs to look like and it consciously reinforces and supports that culture through all Human Resources and management work systems. At Zappos.com, they decided a long time ago that they didn’t want the brand to be just about shoes, or clothing, or even online retailing. It decided that they wanted to build our brand to be about the very best customer service and the very best customer experience.Zappos has a very strong believe that customer service shouldn’t be just a  department; it should be the entire company. Advertising can only get your brand so far. If you ask most people what the â€Å"brand† of the airline industry as a whole is (not any specific airline, but the entire industry), they will usually say something about bad customer service or bad customer experience. If you ask people what their perception of the US auto industry is today, chances are the responses you get won’t be in line with what the automakers project in their advertising (Zappos Corporate. (2009-2013).At Zappos, the company’s belief is that if you get the culture right, most of the other stuff like great customer service, or building a great long-term brand, or passionate employees and customers will happen naturally on its own. It’s said to believe that your company’s culture and your company’s brand are really just two sides of the same coin. The brand may lag the culture at first, but eventually it will catch up.SignsOne of the challenges in workplaces today is keeping employees engaged. In the Zappos Family of Companies, the culture enables employees to live and work according to their personal values. Zappos hire based on alignment with their 10 Core Values and fit for the culture. This helps increase productivity, communication, and creativity, while reducing sick time and turnover.Here are five ways Zappos' work environment fosters naturally engaged employees who are passionate about what they do: let employees be themselves, let employees explore their passions and express creativity, empower employees with tools to succeed, provide opportunities for continuous learning and inspire and allow employees to fulfill their higher purpose. These signs of culture show that Zappos don’t just care about customers, th ey also make sure that their employees are working in a comfortable environment (Zappos Corporate. (2009-2013).FactorsThe best thing about the Zappos Family is the unique culture. As the company grows they don’t want to lose that culture, as well as wanted a way to share it with all employees and anyone else who touches Zappos.com. Zappos created ten core values to more clearly define what exactly the Zappos Family culture is (Zappos Corporate. (2009-2013). They are reflected in everything we do and every interaction we have. The core values are always the framework from which make all of decisions.Leader RoleBecoming a leader at Zappos the individual will indeed need to pass certain qualifications. Because of the company high profile and outstanding works, a leader will need to know these few pointers: Deliver Wow Through Service, Embrace and Drive Change, Create Fun and a Little Weirdness, Be Adventurous, Creative and Open-Minded, Pursue Growth and Learning, Build Open and Honest Relationships with Communication, Build a Positive Team and Family Spirit, Do More with Less, Be Passionate and Determined and Be Humble. If he or she has these qualities I think they will suite the leadership duty at Zappos.Decline in ProductEventually, technological advances, changing customer demographics, tastes, or lifestyles, and development of substitutes result in declining demand for most product forms and brands. As a product starts to decline, managers face the critical question of whether to divest or liquidate the business. Unfortunately, firms sometimes support dying products too long at the expense of current profitability and the aggressive pursuit of future breadwinners (Mullins. (2013).An appropriate marketing strategy can, however, produce substantial sales and profits even in a declining market. If few exit barriers exist, an industry leader might attempt to increase market share via aggressive pricing or promotion policies aimed at driving out weaker comp etitors. Or it might try to consolidate the industry, as Johnson Controls has done in its automotive components businesses, by acquiring weaker brands and reducing overhead by eliminating both excess capacity and duplicate marketing programs (Mullins. (2013).Alternatively, a firm might decide to harvest a mature product by maximizing cash flow and profit over the product’s remaining life. The last section of this chapter examines specific marketing strategies for gaining the greatest possible returns from products approaching the end of their life cycle (Mullins. (2013).

Cognitive Therapy for Depression - 1317 Words

Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy also known as (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy is one that can change the unrealistic views and way of thinking of the client. This paper will discuss Cognitive Therapy for Depression on children, adults, the evidence that supports CT, and the disadvantages and advantages of CT. This paper will also discuss on how certain life experiences can cause psychological distress and how depression can develop in one’s life from childhood all the way to becoming an adult. The goal of Cognitive Therapy is to provide help to patients/clients become aware of their behavior, and challenge their negative thoughts that can†¦show more content†¦2009 p.302). Some people may complain about continuing to have the thoughts over time, but overtime it should be minimal. CT is designed to help reduce symptoms of a disorder. CT is a time limited therapy and the client must be aware that CT OR CBT will eventually come to an end. The therapist teaches the client positive approaches to a better way of life. Therapist utilizes these approaches to treat mental disorders, depression, and GAD. Advantages of Cognitive Therapy One of the advantages is that of antidepressant medications. This is one of the most popular treatments as well. In most cases Cognitive Therapy in conjunction with antidepressant medication can be very helpful. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies are very instructive. Once the clients/patients understands and learn how to counsel themselves rationally, they gain the confidence that they will continue to do well because they can see the change in their lives. For this reason, cognitive-behavioral therapists teach their clients rational self-counseling skills. Disadvantages of Cognitive Therapy For a client to benefit from CBT it is important for the client to be fully committed to the process. The therapist can offer the tools and advice, but cannot change theShow MoreRelatedCognitive Therapy for Depression2475 Words   |  10 Pagesof Cognitive Therapy for Depression. In doing so, I will discuss the evidence that supports the use of cognitive therapy for depression, the advantages and the disadvantages. The usage of cognitive therapy with children for depression and ending with the assumptions associated with the theory. Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the famed psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy isRead MoreCognitive Therapy And The Treatment Of Depression1089 Words   |  5 Pagesproven that Cognitive therapy works just as good as the medications given the right experience. The Interaction to Cognitive Therapy (ICS) Study An accruing relapse of depression is hard to overcome nevertheless; preventing these relapses is the key. The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. However, many evidences suggest that psychological treatments have been withdrawn to the many treatment trials that have been found in cognitive therapy such as drugsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy For Depression1345 Words   |  6 Pagesresults for depression as antidepressant medications, making it a successful treatment alternative to medication. (Thoma, Pilecki, et al., 2015, p. 433) Since this is predicted to become such a major issue, the treatment for depression has become extremely important. According to Rachman, Cognitive behavioral therapy is also successful for the uses of treating obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety. For example, Salkovski s analysis of OCD became an important part of the cognitive behavioralRead MoreCognitive Theory And Therapy For Depression989 Words   |  4 PagesAt some point in time everyone has experienced depression. When one becomes depressed their thought process can turn negative. A common method of treating depression is cognitive therapy. Cognitive Therapy as it relates to depression was developed by Aaron Beck. Beck, a well known psychiatrist, served as a pioneer in the development of cognitive theory and therapy for depression. Beck’s cognitive theory of depression was created with the idea that a person’s experience directly affects their thoughtsRead MoreCognitive Therapy And The Treatment Of Depression796 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod called, short-term therapy, when Beck (1979) published Cognitive Therapy of Depression and presented empirical evidence that structured brief psychotherapies that were effective in the treatment of depression. The concept of brief psychotherapy will have a long term impact on the treatment of depression in social work practice for years to come as it will give birth t o various theoretical models such as, rational-emotive behavioral therapy, problem solving therapy, stress inoculation trainingRead MoreCognitive Therapy For Postpartum Depression2496 Words   |  10 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 13% - 19% of postnatal women worldwide (é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã¥Ë† ¥Ã¨ ¡Å'æ” ¿Ã¥ â‚¬ : è ¡â€ºÃ§â€Å¸Ã§ ½ ²Ã¨ ¡â€ºÃ§â€Å¸Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ', 2014). The impact of PPD on women, infants and their families is significantly negative and enduring, and imposes a burden on the health-care system (Leung et al., 2013). More awareness and understanding of this mental health problem should be promoted in the general population and among health care providers, families, friends, and new mothers themselvesRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy : The Future Of Treating Depression1144 Words   |  5 PagesBeating the Blues and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy: The Future of Treating Depression? Cognitive behavioral therapy is based off the theory that depression is caused by a pattern of negative thinking that may be triggered by upsetting situations (Comer, 2013). This pattern forms maladaptive attitudes, which cause individuals to constantly view themselves, their world, and their future in negative ways (Comer, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help clients recognize and changeRead MoreTreatment Of Depression : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Pharmacotherapy Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology, Myers states that â€Å"depression is one of two disorders found worldwide† (521). On account of this fact, research and treatment of depression is widely studied. One of the biggest questions one must ask when it comes to treatment of depression, though, is what will actually benefit a person? The most popular ways to treat depression are cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy; both are very different, but may have similar effects. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapyRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Depression Essay2377 Words   |  10 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Depression Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a method of correcting invalid thought patterns to a more positive view of the person and their place in their world. Some people do not believe that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a real treatment for depression, claiming it is a form of positive thinking (The Daily Mail, 2009). On the opposite end of the spectrum, others argue that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy should be used in all therapiesRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Attacks817 Words   |  4 PagesAs it is characteristic of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Donald Meichenbaum’s treatment of the client, Anna, was a short-term therapy, only lasting about 20 sessions. His eclectic style of work was elicited by Anna because she was horribly depressed and had currently experienced bouts of panic attacks that were making her life miserable, and affecting the lives of those around her. Meichenbaum took a CBT approach with Anna within the first few sessions in order to help rid her of her panic

How to Make a Bubble Rainbow - Science Project

Use household materials to make a bubble rainbow. This is a safe, easy, and fun project that explores how bubbles and colors work. Bubble Rainbow Materials a sockliquid dishwashing soapplastic bottlefood coloring You can probably use a bubble solution for this project, but I got much better bubbles using the dishwashing liquid. Any soft drink or water bottle will do, but firm bottles are easier to use than thinner, flimsy ones. Make a Homemade Bubble Snake Wand Youre going to make a fat snake of bubbles. Its actually a great project even without the coloring. Heres what you do: Cut the bottom off of the plastic bottle. If this is a project for kids, leave this part to an adult.Slip a sock over the cut end of the bottle. If you like, you can secure it with a rubber band or ponytail holder. Otherwise, a small sock fits just fine or you can hold the sock over the bottle manually.Squirt dishwashing liquid into a bowl or plate. Mix in a little water to thin it out a bit.Dip the sock end of the bottle into the dishwashing solution.Blow through the mouth of the bottle to make a bubble snake. Cool, right?To make a rainbow, stripe the sock with food coloring. You can make any colors you like. Rainbow colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. For most food coloring kits, this would be red, red plus yellow, yellow, green, blue, and blue plus red. Apply more coloring for a more intense rainbow or to recharge the sock if you need more bubble solution.Rinse yourself with water when youre done. The food coloring will stain fingers, clothes, etc., so its a messy project. This is best done outdoors while wearing old clothes. You can rinse your homemade bubble wand and let it air dry if you wish to use it again.

The Mystery of the Pyramids Essay example - 5058 Words

Why ask why the Great Pyramid was built? Because it is the most massive building on the planet, at least twice the volume and thirty times the mass of the Empire State Building. Because it is aligned to the true cardinal points of the compass even though no compass is known to have existed at its time of construction. Because its masonry which weighs up to seventy tons is joined to the fiftieth of an inch. Because its casing stones were polished to the standard of modern optical work. Why was such an enormous undertaking, combined with such incredible accuracy, deemed necessary for the construction of a mere tomb and funerary ornament to a dead king who never occupied it? It is an enormous undertaking for such a seemingly useless†¦show more content†¦The basic unit of measurement (the pyramid inch) apparently used by the designer, turns out to be exactly the five-hundred-millionth part of the earths polar radius. This is significant because the pyramid has five sides. The Pyramids designed base square has a side measuring just 365.242 of these same units - a figure identical to the number of days in the solar tropical year - and the same figure can be found in other features of the design. Further measurements appear to give exact figures for the eccentricity of the earths orbit, for the mean distance of the earth from the sun, for the period of the earths full precessional cycle (a period of over 25,000 years), as well as the mean density of the earth (Lemesurier 8). It also turns out that the ratio of height to its base-perimeter as a circles radius to its circumference is 1/2 pi. Also present is phi - or the Golden Section ratio of 1 to 1. 618 . . . (supposedly discovered by Pythagoros). If one wished to have an architectural symbol for the planet Earth itself one could scarcely do better than to take the GreatShow MoreRelatedThe Mysteries of the Construction of Pyramids in Egypt571 Words   |  2 PagesOne of the greatest mysteries of the ancient world has always been how the great pyramids of Egypt were built. It was a long time ago, long before we had bulldozers, cranes and all that heavy-duty equipment. This leads some groups of people to believe that because Egyptians were â€Å"primitive†, there is no way they could have done all the work themselves. Thus the most logical explanation as to who could have helped our helpless Egyptians had to be aliens. Aliens had traveled from afar to build theseRead MorePyramids of Giza719 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mystery of the Construction of the Pyramids of Giza RUNNING HEAD: THE MYSTERY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PYRAMIDS 2 AT GIZA There are many mysteries surrounding our historyRead MoreThe Distribution Of Power Throughout Old Kingdom Egypt And The First Intermediate Period1436 Words   |  6 Pagesconstructors of pyramids, and Egyptian belief concerning the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza are considered to be three of the world’s most fascinating and astonishing archaeological marvels. On the edge of modern-day Cairo stands the plateau of Giza, on which these extraordinary pyramids were constructed approximately 4,500 years ago, yet to this day, they are regarded as three of the world’s largest human-made structures, standing, collectively, at 1116 feet tall. However, the Pyramid of KhufuRead MoreFreytags Pyramid in a Rose for Emily723 Words   |  3 PagesFreytag’s Pyramid in A Rose for Emily Though a non-linear narrative, Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily fits well into the dramatic structure outlined in Freytag’s Pyramid. Exposition is centered around the death of the eponymous character, Emily Grierson, and details her history in the town of Jefferson. Moving backward in time, a deal between Emily and a former mayor, Colonel Sartoris, is discussed, in which Emily is remitted of all taxes due to a loan Emily’s father made to the town before hisRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Great Pyramid of Giza† is situated in the Giza Necropolis which borders the largest city in Egypt – Giza. It is also identified by two other names; the Pyramid of â€Å"Cheops† or â€Å"Khufu†. The Great Pyramid stands as the largest and oldest among the Giza Necropolis pyramids. Furthermore, it is listed among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, holding the record of being the oldest in that list. The mag nificence of the pyramid’s structure is an attraction that has grabbed the attention of severalRead MoreEssay on The Great Pyramid of Giza1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Pyramid of Giza is also recognized as the Pyramid of Khufu, Khufus Pyramid and Pyramid of Cheops. It is the most significant and earliest structure in the world. This pyramid is the oldest of the three pyramids standing on the Giza Necropolis. It is also the largest of them all (Larry, 2000). This great pyramid is located on the northern edge of the Giza Plateau, which is 25 km outskirts, southwest of Cairo, Egypt. It is the only remaining standing monument of the Seven Wonders of theRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1382 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine the Great Pyramid of Giza during the Fourth Dynasty, the period in which it was built. My purpose for this topic is to not only educate myself further in the humanities of Ancient Egypt but to also get a better understanding of how the art relates to t he people and their lives, I will do so by examining how and when The Great Pyramid of Giza and the surrounding pyramids were built, then how the culture of the people at the time influenced the making of the pyramid, and finally I will discussRead MoreIn Studying A Story, Especially One That Concludes Within927 Words   |  4 Pagesextravagant life that strangely ended with her being a substitute in rural Michigan. Her dynamic temperament clouds her in mystery, making her a clear outsider in Five Oaks and leading many students to wonder if she is Earthly at all. Ironically, one of the lesson’s that Mr. Hibler was teaching was about the history of Egypt, an enigma itself. Similarly to the questions that surround the pyramids, Miss Ferenczi’s character only accumulates questions as the story progresses. Initially, she transitioned fromRead MoreThe Cryptic Secrets Of Egyptian Pyramids1719 Words   |  7 PagesEgyptian Pyramids The pyramid-shaped masonry architectures are called Pyramids, and there are eighty of them known as ancient Egyptian Pyramids. The Egyptian Pyramids are the products of a slavery country, but they are also the great accomplishments of ancient people. Since the first discovery of the Egyptian Pyramids, many scientists have been dedicated in ancient Egypt study. After years of researching on the earliest Egyptian Pyramid, Pyramid of Djoser, and the most famous Egyptian Pyramid, PyramidRead MoreThe Article On Aliens Among Us1284 Words   |  6 Pagesbe any type of walking little green men. One of the biggest mysteries that we have on earth are the pyramids. This is also known by ancient alien mysteries. All the scientist in the world and archeologist still don’t have an accurate answer that explains how and why the pyramids were made and how are they still standing. Many scientists have said that the Mayan and Egyptian pyramid has a connection. It has also been said that the pyramids are lined up with a star. Although this subject is very close

Sensors and Wireless Report

Question: Write a report about theSensors and Wireless. Answer: Introduction Sensory information can be sent through wireless nodes to be received by the remote locations. The report shows how the LDR can send the sensory information, through the terminals 1 and 2 of the probe, which work as input sensors and the other probe, 3, works as an output sensor. This LDR diagram is similar to the diagrams of the IR and TEMP. Wireless sensors consist of small devices and so have their computational power limited and these sensors have applications in wider area. When the transmitter and receiver diagrams of 433MHz is considered, transmission of the sensory information is transmitted nu using the transmitter, MT-12E and antenna receivers, through the wireless sensors. Data collection is made possible in better way, in the scientific studies. but, face pins failures are experienced, during the wireless part design. Since, one of these pins is not able to transit the signal to the remaining parts, this must be resolved with a quick remedy. The ways of tacking the design of the circuit, demonstration of the circuit and implementation of the circuit are discussed in this report. Theory Wireless Sensors and Network Wireless sensors are usually connected among each other and become a network, called wireless sensor network to monitor various conditions in the environment, like sound, temperature, light, pressure, etc. The data collected in the environment is passed to the main, usually at the remote location, through the network. The modern networks of the wireless are more of bi-directional and are well enabled with the sensor activity control. The wireless sensors are usually connected through the network and each of the entity or a point. Each of this node is connected to either one sensor or sometimes even to multiple sensors. The sensor network node usually have majorly vital parts, such as radio transceiver that consists of an antenna internally or sometimes external antenna connected to it, an electronic circuit to interface with the sensors, a microcontroller and majorly a source of energy, which is either a battery or energy in the form of energy harvesting embedded. The wireless sensors are usually networked with the topologies that may be a simple star network to the advanced networks, such as multi-hop wireless mesh networks. The networks usually implement the propagation techniques, like routing or flooding. Applications The wireless sensor networks have increasingly more number of applications in several industries. Health care monitoring Area monitoring Industrial monitoring Earth or environmental sensing that may include forest fire detection, air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, landslide detection and natural disaster prevention, etc. Characteristics The wireless sensors networked to collect and transmit the data to the remote locations have the following characteristics. Ease of use Heterogeneity of nodes Constraints of power consumption for nodes, like energy harvesting or usage of the batteries Able to cope up with many failures or resilience of node Scalable to larger deployment scale Cross-layer design Able to withstand to the harsh conditions in the environment Mobility of nodes Requirements Wireless sensors can have wider range of applications, from a simple temperature sensing to an advanced applications, like sensing the earthquake symptoms. No matter it is a simple or advanced application, it is important that the following three basic requirements are met. Hardware All the physical components and parts of the wireless network become the hardware of the system. There are sensor nodes available in smaller sizes, for compact circuit and system and extensive research is going on for design and development of still tiny sensor nodes and makes them available for lower cost. gateway is also an important part of the system, which acts as a bridge in between the wireless sensor network and the rest of the networks. Software Wireless sensor network function is enabled and optimized through the software installed for them. The software is based on various protocols and algorithms that are used to address various issues, such as self-configuration, increased lifespan, fault tolerance and robustness. Operating System The operating systems for the Wireless sensor networks are typically lesser complex, compared to the operating systems used for computer systems. Circuit Design Sensor Design Design and Description Sensor used here is a light sensor and is the simplest and interesting circuit to design and operate. This sensor is configured as a light detector, shadow detector or shadow detector, as it needs to detect the light intensity. The present circuit deployed the shadow detector, which turns the LED on, when the bright light is focussed on the LDR. This circuit can be changed to a light detector, just by swapping the 2nd and 3rd op-amp pins. In this case, the LED is turned is turned on, when there is darkness present on the LDR. It should be ensured that the pins, 1, 5 and 7 are not connected. Output is extracted from the pin 6. This pin is connected to one LED, through a resistor of 330 Ohm in this circuit. The same system can be used for the IR and TEMP sensors. Security system may also be added to this circuit. Calculations For LDR, When the LDR is OFF, When the LDR is ON, For TEMP When the TEMP is ON, When the TEMP is OFF, For the IR, When the IR is ON, When the IR is OFF, ElectroMagnetic Interference Sources The major EMI source can be the converters of power electronic, motor, computer power supplies, permanent magnets and many other similar equipment present in the laboratory. This interference can be minimized by switching off all the, converters of the power electronics, present in the laboratory. Alternatively, EMI filters that are both active and passive are also used for reducing the EMI effect. Part of Wireless Encoder and Decoder Roles Data is received parallel from D0 to D3. The role of the encoder is to covert this 4 bit parallel data into the serial data to forward and transmit through the TXM 433 MHz transmitter, through DOUT. Conversely, this serial data will be converted back to the parallel data of four bit, by using HT12D. Implications of 433MHz Band There are legal implications associated with the 433 MHz band, as it is not regulated as it is available as license free. So, anyone can use this band for the purpose of experiments (Louis, Matthew Raju, 2005). The maximum distance covered by this devices varies from 1 to 1.5m and it can be extended by using the repeaters, like slave nodes. This extension is possible by using either long antenna or using the frequency, other than 433 MHz, which is stronger than it. Demonstration of Circuit Sensor Circuits Proximity sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Proximity Sensor P1 is used to achieve to make certain adjustments on the proximity sensors sensitivity of the circuit, to get certain distance. The door has to be opened automatically, when the P1 is adjusted, so the sensor has to be kept over the door, at even front part. The detector is made from an oscillator along with the T1, and the function and need for the oscillator is for the stability of the frequency, since it needs Clapp one. The oscillator circuit consists a capacitor and is derived from the sensors surface and this oscillator is configured with 1 MHz frequency. The switching is adjusted with P2, but it is important that the metallic objects are not taken closer to the proximity of the circuit, as the relays wont be close. Aggressive liquids can be detected with the help of this circuit, as the surface of the sensor wont contact the liquid at aggressive state. Light Sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Light Sensor The light switch sensor circuit is used to connect the lamp, while the light is faded. After the switch is ON for the lamp, the status is maintained and continues this status for specific period of time. This time can be set in between 1 to 5 hours, using P1. The oscillator is kept at 4060, using the S202DS2 semiconductor relay. Temperature Sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Temperature Sensor There is a heater element is deployed by connected in series with 16A, controlled by a pulse transformer. Sometimes, the zero crossing detector would be lower comparator, producing a square wave of 60Hz. The relay circuit is operated similar to the upper two comparators. Wireless Circuit Working The communication in the circuit is established through the radio receivers and transmitters. The links can be created in various configurations, so that the performance can be maximized. These links become the parent links that can make the information transmitted to the rest of the links present in the network. Description The desing of the circuit is based on the radio frequencies, rather than the transmission through infrared, as the radio frequencies are proved to be reliable and stronger compared to the transmission through infrared and radio frequencies can travel longer distances than the infrared transmission. In addition to that, infrared transmission can be propagated only if there are no obstacles, but radio frequencies have no limitations with obstacles. Infrared signals have inference problems, from the sources of other infrared, however, this is not the problem with the signals of the radio frequencies. Transmitter Circuit Figure: Circuit of RF Transmitter Initially, the data is received through Do to D3 pins, by the encoder, IC HT12E. The encoder then converts this four bit from parallel to serial and the data is trapped through DOUT. The serial output data from Dout is sent to TXM 433 MHz, via the Pin2. A0 to A7 address inputs provide the security for the data. It is also done by the logic ONE or ZERO (GND) also. The status of the A0 to A7 should be matched both at the ends of the transmitter and receiver. So, the transmission of the data can only be done by TXM 433 MHz, only when TE or Transmit Enable is low. The internal oscillations required for HT12E are provided by the external resistance, with the help of the 750K Ohm resistor. Receiver Circuit The circuit is employed with the a receiver, which receives the signals, transmitted by TXM 433 MHz. The data receives is passed to HT12D, via the DIN pin, where the data received in a serial format is converted to parallel data of four bits, at D0 to D3. Similar to the transmitter circuit, the address pins A0 to A7 status must match in the system towards the intended operation of the system. The LDR is connected to HT12Ds pin 17 and glows, if the transmission of data is successful from the transmitter to receiver. The sensors can form the parts of the machine, by linking them together, by huge computational power, relatively, when compared to the sensors employed individually. The sensors abilities of broadcast are usually affected by the higher content of moisture. The functionality of the circuit can possibly achieved, by allowing the sensors to be recognized, since the strengths of certain connections are based on the modifications performed over the conditions, which cause the hindrances. Real Time Implementation Circuit and Suggestions for Improvements Capacitive sensors are accurate, in terms of respiratory rate monitoring in real time and so are employed in the circuit. Many of these circuits are designed and developed using operational amplifiers, as these amplifiers have the quality factor (Q) improved. Conclusion Wireless sensors are collection of smaller devices, having their computational power to be limited and they have the applications in wider area. The design of circuit is based on the radio frequency transmission, rather than infrared, as the radio frequencies are more reliable and stronger. The major EMI source can be by equipment, such as motor, computer power supplies, power electronic converters or permanent magnets in the laboratory. References Akyildiz I. F. and Kasimoglu I.H. (2004)."Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks: Research Challenges".Ad Hoc Networks2 Dargie, W. and Poellabauer, C. (2010).Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks: theory and practice. John Wiley and Sons Matthew, L., Raju, K. Louis, W (2005). ISM-Band and Short Range Device Regulatory Compliance Overview, SWRA048, 1: 1-15 Peiris, V. (2013). "Highly integrated wireless sensing for body area network applications".SPIE Newsroom Sohraby, K., Minoli, D., Znati, T. (2007).Wireless sensor networks: technology, protocols, and applications. John Wiley and Sons Tiwari, Ankit et al., Energy-efficient wireless sensor network design and implementation for condition-based maintenance, ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN).