Social Learning Theory Essay Example for Free

Social Learning Theory Essay Albert Bandura proposed the theory of social learning. There are three core concepts. First is the idea that people can learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior. Badura demonstrated observational learning in his Bobo doll experiment. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting violent toward a Bobo doll. Later when the children were allowed to play with the Bobo doll they imitated the previous aggressive actions. From this experiment, Bandura noted the concept of intrinsic reinforcement. Intrinsic reinforcement is a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction, and a sense of accomplishment. Bandua also learned from the experiment that learning does not necessarily change behavior. By the children learning observationally from the adult, they demonstrated that people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors. Once you understand social learning you are able to understand how we learn in social environments. Bandura’s idea of intrinsic reinforcement, introduced the idea of internal reward as another influence to learning. This idea on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. He also changed behaviorists’ previous ideas that learning led to a permanent change in behavior. Finally Bandua helped us to understand how to successfully learn; through attention, retention, reproduction, and finally motivation. Understanding social learning has changed my view of the world. Understanding the way we learn socially has made me recognize the importance of modeling appropriate behaviors to children or anyone who is following your example. Furthermore, I have learned that importance of encouragement to build self-efficacy, in order, to fully learn in a social setting.

A Case Study of the International Finance Corporation in Nigeria :: Economics Business Case Study Essays

IFC Mission- ‘To promote sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.’ â€Å"The World Bank’s role, in my opinion, is to help improve the business environment in the developing countries so that the private sector can drive growth.†- Mr. Peter Woicke, Executive Vice President of the World Bank Group (WBG) in charge of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) - Lagos, August 2004. At the time Mr. Woicke was speaking, IFC involvement in Nigeria had reached $200million in investment commitments, a figure quickly surpassed in less than a year from that date (as at June 2005, IFC investment in Nigeria was to the tune of $290million). This was in spite of the fact that only five short years before (in 1999), IFC was doing practically no business in Nigeria and merely had a functional working office in Lagos. Mr. Woicke went on to say- â€Å"We have increased our exposure since democracy returned from almost nothing to almost $800 million and an exposure at the IFC of about $200 million. We have made a bigger bet to have the bank (WB) and the IFC work on Nigeria’s problems together. We were quite instrumental in advising the government on reforms in the telecom sector. We have been pushing very hard for privatization of other sectors.† Clearly, the advent of democracy had re-ignited interest in Nigeria. The initiation of a reform agenda by the new government was also playing a part in this renewed interest in Nigeria. Beyond financial commitments however, IFC was beginning to offer a great deal of other services towards developing the economic environment of business in Nigeria. As Mr. Woicke put it- â€Å"I actually think we should increase our presence quite (in Nigeria) dramatically. We don’t necessarily want to lend tons of money to Nigeria, because Nigeria has lots of resources. We can contribute in terms of providing advice, transferring technology, providing technical know-how in social, environmental and corporate governance issues† Indeed, the nature of IFC operations globally and increasingly in Nigeria were such that contribution was becoming greater in terms of technology, advice, social development, environmental assistance, corporate governance and ethical issues, and global competitiveness concerns. IFC had begun to realize that their market, and indeed their business model had reached a pivotal moment wherein clients had begun to expect more than just project finance deals and long term syndications. Governments were asking for help on private sector issues that went far beyond privatization or concession structuring. There had arisen a case for IFC involvement as much in the Economic as in the Social, Environmental, Technological, Global and indeed perhaps ultimately- Political Environment of Business. II. IFC- HISTORY AND EVOLUTION The International Finance Corporation (IFC) was founded in 1956 to

Zappos

Zappos was founded by Nick Swinmurn in 1999. The initial inspiration came when he couldn’t find a pair of brown Airwalks at his local mall. That same year, Swinmurn approached Tony Hsieh and Alfred Lin with the idea of selling shoes online. The company was officially launched in June 1999, under the original domain name â€Å"ShoeSite.com. A few months after their launch, the company's name was changed from ShoeSite to Zappos so as not to limit itself to selling only footwear.In January 2000, Venture Frogs invested additional capital, and allowed Zappos to move into their office space. During this time, Hsieh found that he â€Å"had the most fun with Zappos† and came on board as co-CEO with Nick Swinmurn. After minimal gross sales in 1999, Zappos brought in $1.6 million in revenue in 2000 (Chafkin, 2006). Culture of ZapposCulture can be defined as the set of key values, assumptions, understandings, and norms that is shared by members of an organization and taught to ne w members as correct. Your culture or work environment will form based on all of the values, experiences, knowledge, and education of your existing workforce. How people work together and especially, the values of the company's founders or leaders forms the culture you have. Zappos consciously creates and reinforces its corporate culture. The work environment provided for employees won't attract every job searcher and it's not for every employee.The people who fit the corporate culture thrive working for Zappos. In an interview with Rebecca Henry, the former Director of Human Resources for Zappos, two key factors stood out. The company consciously decides what the corporate culture needs to look like and it consciously reinforces and supports that culture through all Human Resources and management work systems. At Zappos.com, they decided a long time ago that they didn’t want the brand to be just about shoes, or clothing, or even online retailing. It decided that they wanted to build our brand to be about the very best customer service and the very best customer experience.Zappos has a very strong believe that customer service shouldn’t be just a  department; it should be the entire company. Advertising can only get your brand so far. If you ask most people what the â€Å"brand† of the airline industry as a whole is (not any specific airline, but the entire industry), they will usually say something about bad customer service or bad customer experience. If you ask people what their perception of the US auto industry is today, chances are the responses you get won’t be in line with what the automakers project in their advertising (Zappos Corporate. (2009-2013).At Zappos, the company’s belief is that if you get the culture right, most of the other stuff like great customer service, or building a great long-term brand, or passionate employees and customers will happen naturally on its own. It’s said to believe that your company’s culture and your company’s brand are really just two sides of the same coin. The brand may lag the culture at first, but eventually it will catch up.SignsOne of the challenges in workplaces today is keeping employees engaged. In the Zappos Family of Companies, the culture enables employees to live and work according to their personal values. Zappos hire based on alignment with their 10 Core Values and fit for the culture. This helps increase productivity, communication, and creativity, while reducing sick time and turnover.Here are five ways Zappos' work environment fosters naturally engaged employees who are passionate about what they do: let employees be themselves, let employees explore their passions and express creativity, empower employees with tools to succeed, provide opportunities for continuous learning and inspire and allow employees to fulfill their higher purpose. These signs of culture show that Zappos don’t just care about customers, th ey also make sure that their employees are working in a comfortable environment (Zappos Corporate. (2009-2013).FactorsThe best thing about the Zappos Family is the unique culture. As the company grows they don’t want to lose that culture, as well as wanted a way to share it with all employees and anyone else who touches Zappos.com. Zappos created ten core values to more clearly define what exactly the Zappos Family culture is (Zappos Corporate. (2009-2013). They are reflected in everything we do and every interaction we have. The core values are always the framework from which make all of decisions.Leader RoleBecoming a leader at Zappos the individual will indeed need to pass certain qualifications. Because of the company high profile and outstanding works, a leader will need to know these few pointers: Deliver Wow Through Service, Embrace and Drive Change, Create Fun and a Little Weirdness, Be Adventurous, Creative and Open-Minded, Pursue Growth and Learning, Build Open and Honest Relationships with Communication, Build a Positive Team and Family Spirit, Do More with Less, Be Passionate and Determined and Be Humble. If he or she has these qualities I think they will suite the leadership duty at Zappos.Decline in ProductEventually, technological advances, changing customer demographics, tastes, or lifestyles, and development of substitutes result in declining demand for most product forms and brands. As a product starts to decline, managers face the critical question of whether to divest or liquidate the business. Unfortunately, firms sometimes support dying products too long at the expense of current profitability and the aggressive pursuit of future breadwinners (Mullins. (2013).An appropriate marketing strategy can, however, produce substantial sales and profits even in a declining market. If few exit barriers exist, an industry leader might attempt to increase market share via aggressive pricing or promotion policies aimed at driving out weaker comp etitors. Or it might try to consolidate the industry, as Johnson Controls has done in its automotive components businesses, by acquiring weaker brands and reducing overhead by eliminating both excess capacity and duplicate marketing programs (Mullins. (2013).Alternatively, a firm might decide to harvest a mature product by maximizing cash flow and profit over the product’s remaining life. The last section of this chapter examines specific marketing strategies for gaining the greatest possible returns from products approaching the end of their life cycle (Mullins. (2013).

Cognitive Therapy for Depression - 1317 Words

Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy also known as (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy is one that can change the unrealistic views and way of thinking of the client. This paper will discuss Cognitive Therapy for Depression on children, adults, the evidence that supports CT, and the disadvantages and advantages of CT. This paper will also discuss on how certain life experiences can cause psychological distress and how depression can develop in one’s life from childhood all the way to becoming an adult. The goal of Cognitive Therapy is to provide help to patients/clients become aware of their behavior, and challenge their negative thoughts that can†¦show more content†¦2009 p.302). Some people may complain about continuing to have the thoughts over time, but overtime it should be minimal. CT is designed to help reduce symptoms of a disorder. CT is a time limited therapy and the client must be aware that CT OR CBT will eventually come to an end. The therapist teaches the client positive approaches to a better way of life. Therapist utilizes these approaches to treat mental disorders, depression, and GAD. Advantages of Cognitive Therapy One of the advantages is that of antidepressant medications. This is one of the most popular treatments as well. In most cases Cognitive Therapy in conjunction with antidepressant medication can be very helpful. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies are very instructive. Once the clients/patients understands and learn how to counsel themselves rationally, they gain the confidence that they will continue to do well because they can see the change in their lives. For this reason, cognitive-behavioral therapists teach their clients rational self-counseling skills. Disadvantages of Cognitive Therapy For a client to benefit from CBT it is important for the client to be fully committed to the process. The therapist can offer the tools and advice, but cannot change theShow MoreRelatedCognitive Therapy for Depression2475 Words   |  10 Pagesof Cognitive Therapy for Depression. In doing so, I will discuss the evidence that supports the use of cognitive therapy for depression, the advantages and the disadvantages. The usage of cognitive therapy with children for depression and ending with the assumptions associated with the theory. Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the famed psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy isRead MoreCognitive Therapy And The Treatment Of Depression1089 Words   |  5 Pagesproven that Cognitive therapy works just as good as the medications given the right experience. The Interaction to Cognitive Therapy (ICS) Study An accruing relapse of depression is hard to overcome nevertheless; preventing these relapses is the key. The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. However, many evidences suggest that psychological treatments have been withdrawn to the many treatment trials that have been found in cognitive therapy such as drugsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy For Depression1345 Words   |  6 Pagesresults for depression as antidepressant medications, making it a successful treatment alternative to medication. (Thoma, Pilecki, et al., 2015, p. 433) Since this is predicted to become such a major issue, the treatment for depression has become extremely important. According to Rachman, Cognitive behavioral therapy is also successful for the uses of treating obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety. For example, Salkovski s analysis of OCD became an important part of the cognitive behavioralRead MoreCognitive Theory And Therapy For Depression989 Words   |  4 PagesAt some point in time everyone has experienced depression. When one becomes depressed their thought process can turn negative. A common method of treating depression is cognitive therapy. Cognitive Therapy as it relates to depression was developed by Aaron Beck. Beck, a well known psychiatrist, served as a pioneer in the development of cognitive theory and therapy for depression. Beck’s cognitive theory of depression was created with the idea that a person’s experience directly affects their thoughtsRead MoreCognitive Therapy And The Treatment Of Depression796 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod called, short-term therapy, when Beck (1979) published Cognitive Therapy of Depression and presented empirical evidence that structured brief psychotherapies that were effective in the treatment of depression. The concept of brief psychotherapy will have a long term impact on the treatment of depression in social work practice for years to come as it will give birth t o various theoretical models such as, rational-emotive behavioral therapy, problem solving therapy, stress inoculation trainingRead MoreCognitive Therapy For Postpartum Depression2496 Words   |  10 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 13% - 19% of postnatal women worldwide (é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã¥Ë† ¥Ã¨ ¡Å'æ” ¿Ã¥ â‚¬ : è ¡â€ºÃ§â€Å¸Ã§ ½ ²Ã¨ ¡â€ºÃ§â€Å¸Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ', 2014). The impact of PPD on women, infants and their families is significantly negative and enduring, and imposes a burden on the health-care system (Leung et al., 2013). More awareness and understanding of this mental health problem should be promoted in the general population and among health care providers, families, friends, and new mothers themselvesRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy : The Future Of Treating Depression1144 Words   |  5 PagesBeating the Blues and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy: The Future of Treating Depression? Cognitive behavioral therapy is based off the theory that depression is caused by a pattern of negative thinking that may be triggered by upsetting situations (Comer, 2013). This pattern forms maladaptive attitudes, which cause individuals to constantly view themselves, their world, and their future in negative ways (Comer, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help clients recognize and changeRead MoreTreatment Of Depression : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Pharmacotherapy Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology, Myers states that â€Å"depression is one of two disorders found worldwide† (521). On account of this fact, research and treatment of depression is widely studied. One of the biggest questions one must ask when it comes to treatment of depression, though, is what will actually benefit a person? The most popular ways to treat depression are cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy; both are very different, but may have similar effects. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapyRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Depression Essay2377 Words   |  10 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Depression Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a method of correcting invalid thought patterns to a more positive view of the person and their place in their world. Some people do not believe that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a real treatment for depression, claiming it is a form of positive thinking (The Daily Mail, 2009). On the opposite end of the spectrum, others argue that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy should be used in all therapiesRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Attacks817 Words   |  4 PagesAs it is characteristic of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Donald Meichenbaum’s treatment of the client, Anna, was a short-term therapy, only lasting about 20 sessions. His eclectic style of work was elicited by Anna because she was horribly depressed and had currently experienced bouts of panic attacks that were making her life miserable, and affecting the lives of those around her. Meichenbaum took a CBT approach with Anna within the first few sessions in order to help rid her of her panic