How to Make a Bubble Rainbow - Science Project

Use household materials to make a bubble rainbow. This is a safe, easy, and fun project that explores how bubbles and colors work. Bubble Rainbow Materials a sockliquid dishwashing soapplastic bottlefood coloring You can probably use a bubble solution for this project, but I got much better bubbles using the dishwashing liquid. Any soft drink or water bottle will do, but firm bottles are easier to use than thinner, flimsy ones. Make a Homemade Bubble Snake Wand Youre going to make a fat snake of bubbles. Its actually a great project even without the coloring. Heres what you do: Cut the bottom off of the plastic bottle. If this is a project for kids, leave this part to an adult.Slip a sock over the cut end of the bottle. If you like, you can secure it with a rubber band or ponytail holder. Otherwise, a small sock fits just fine or you can hold the sock over the bottle manually.Squirt dishwashing liquid into a bowl or plate. Mix in a little water to thin it out a bit.Dip the sock end of the bottle into the dishwashing solution.Blow through the mouth of the bottle to make a bubble snake. Cool, right?To make a rainbow, stripe the sock with food coloring. You can make any colors you like. Rainbow colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. For most food coloring kits, this would be red, red plus yellow, yellow, green, blue, and blue plus red. Apply more coloring for a more intense rainbow or to recharge the sock if you need more bubble solution.Rinse yourself with water when youre done. The food coloring will stain fingers, clothes, etc., so its a messy project. This is best done outdoors while wearing old clothes. You can rinse your homemade bubble wand and let it air dry if you wish to use it again.

The Mystery of the Pyramids Essay example - 5058 Words

Why ask why the Great Pyramid was built? Because it is the most massive building on the planet, at least twice the volume and thirty times the mass of the Empire State Building. Because it is aligned to the true cardinal points of the compass even though no compass is known to have existed at its time of construction. Because its masonry which weighs up to seventy tons is joined to the fiftieth of an inch. Because its casing stones were polished to the standard of modern optical work. Why was such an enormous undertaking, combined with such incredible accuracy, deemed necessary for the construction of a mere tomb and funerary ornament to a dead king who never occupied it? It is an enormous undertaking for such a seemingly useless†¦show more content†¦The basic unit of measurement (the pyramid inch) apparently used by the designer, turns out to be exactly the five-hundred-millionth part of the earths polar radius. This is significant because the pyramid has five sides. The Pyramids designed base square has a side measuring just 365.242 of these same units - a figure identical to the number of days in the solar tropical year - and the same figure can be found in other features of the design. Further measurements appear to give exact figures for the eccentricity of the earths orbit, for the mean distance of the earth from the sun, for the period of the earths full precessional cycle (a period of over 25,000 years), as well as the mean density of the earth (Lemesurier 8). It also turns out that the ratio of height to its base-perimeter as a circles radius to its circumference is 1/2 pi. Also present is phi - or the Golden Section ratio of 1 to 1. 618 . . . (supposedly discovered by Pythagoros). 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Sensors and Wireless Report

Question: Write a report about theSensors and Wireless. Answer: Introduction Sensory information can be sent through wireless nodes to be received by the remote locations. The report shows how the LDR can send the sensory information, through the terminals 1 and 2 of the probe, which work as input sensors and the other probe, 3, works as an output sensor. This LDR diagram is similar to the diagrams of the IR and TEMP. Wireless sensors consist of small devices and so have their computational power limited and these sensors have applications in wider area. When the transmitter and receiver diagrams of 433MHz is considered, transmission of the sensory information is transmitted nu using the transmitter, MT-12E and antenna receivers, through the wireless sensors. Data collection is made possible in better way, in the scientific studies. but, face pins failures are experienced, during the wireless part design. Since, one of these pins is not able to transit the signal to the remaining parts, this must be resolved with a quick remedy. The ways of tacking the design of the circuit, demonstration of the circuit and implementation of the circuit are discussed in this report. Theory Wireless Sensors and Network Wireless sensors are usually connected among each other and become a network, called wireless sensor network to monitor various conditions in the environment, like sound, temperature, light, pressure, etc. The data collected in the environment is passed to the main, usually at the remote location, through the network. The modern networks of the wireless are more of bi-directional and are well enabled with the sensor activity control. The wireless sensors are usually connected through the network and each of the entity or a point. Each of this node is connected to either one sensor or sometimes even to multiple sensors. The sensor network node usually have majorly vital parts, such as radio transceiver that consists of an antenna internally or sometimes external antenna connected to it, an electronic circuit to interface with the sensors, a microcontroller and majorly a source of energy, which is either a battery or energy in the form of energy harvesting embedded. The wireless sensors are usually networked with the topologies that may be a simple star network to the advanced networks, such as multi-hop wireless mesh networks. The networks usually implement the propagation techniques, like routing or flooding. Applications The wireless sensor networks have increasingly more number of applications in several industries. Health care monitoring Area monitoring Industrial monitoring Earth or environmental sensing that may include forest fire detection, air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, landslide detection and natural disaster prevention, etc. Characteristics The wireless sensors networked to collect and transmit the data to the remote locations have the following characteristics. Ease of use Heterogeneity of nodes Constraints of power consumption for nodes, like energy harvesting or usage of the batteries Able to cope up with many failures or resilience of node Scalable to larger deployment scale Cross-layer design Able to withstand to the harsh conditions in the environment Mobility of nodes Requirements Wireless sensors can have wider range of applications, from a simple temperature sensing to an advanced applications, like sensing the earthquake symptoms. No matter it is a simple or advanced application, it is important that the following three basic requirements are met. Hardware All the physical components and parts of the wireless network become the hardware of the system. There are sensor nodes available in smaller sizes, for compact circuit and system and extensive research is going on for design and development of still tiny sensor nodes and makes them available for lower cost. gateway is also an important part of the system, which acts as a bridge in between the wireless sensor network and the rest of the networks. Software Wireless sensor network function is enabled and optimized through the software installed for them. The software is based on various protocols and algorithms that are used to address various issues, such as self-configuration, increased lifespan, fault tolerance and robustness. Operating System The operating systems for the Wireless sensor networks are typically lesser complex, compared to the operating systems used for computer systems. Circuit Design Sensor Design Design and Description Sensor used here is a light sensor and is the simplest and interesting circuit to design and operate. This sensor is configured as a light detector, shadow detector or shadow detector, as it needs to detect the light intensity. The present circuit deployed the shadow detector, which turns the LED on, when the bright light is focussed on the LDR. This circuit can be changed to a light detector, just by swapping the 2nd and 3rd op-amp pins. In this case, the LED is turned is turned on, when there is darkness present on the LDR. It should be ensured that the pins, 1, 5 and 7 are not connected. Output is extracted from the pin 6. This pin is connected to one LED, through a resistor of 330 Ohm in this circuit. The same system can be used for the IR and TEMP sensors. Security system may also be added to this circuit. Calculations For LDR, When the LDR is OFF, When the LDR is ON, For TEMP When the TEMP is ON, When the TEMP is OFF, For the IR, When the IR is ON, When the IR is OFF, ElectroMagnetic Interference Sources The major EMI source can be the converters of power electronic, motor, computer power supplies, permanent magnets and many other similar equipment present in the laboratory. This interference can be minimized by switching off all the, converters of the power electronics, present in the laboratory. Alternatively, EMI filters that are both active and passive are also used for reducing the EMI effect. Part of Wireless Encoder and Decoder Roles Data is received parallel from D0 to D3. The role of the encoder is to covert this 4 bit parallel data into the serial data to forward and transmit through the TXM 433 MHz transmitter, through DOUT. Conversely, this serial data will be converted back to the parallel data of four bit, by using HT12D. Implications of 433MHz Band There are legal implications associated with the 433 MHz band, as it is not regulated as it is available as license free. So, anyone can use this band for the purpose of experiments (Louis, Matthew Raju, 2005). The maximum distance covered by this devices varies from 1 to 1.5m and it can be extended by using the repeaters, like slave nodes. This extension is possible by using either long antenna or using the frequency, other than 433 MHz, which is stronger than it. Demonstration of Circuit Sensor Circuits Proximity sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Proximity Sensor P1 is used to achieve to make certain adjustments on the proximity sensors sensitivity of the circuit, to get certain distance. The door has to be opened automatically, when the P1 is adjusted, so the sensor has to be kept over the door, at even front part. The detector is made from an oscillator along with the T1, and the function and need for the oscillator is for the stability of the frequency, since it needs Clapp one. The oscillator circuit consists a capacitor and is derived from the sensors surface and this oscillator is configured with 1 MHz frequency. The switching is adjusted with P2, but it is important that the metallic objects are not taken closer to the proximity of the circuit, as the relays wont be close. Aggressive liquids can be detected with the help of this circuit, as the surface of the sensor wont contact the liquid at aggressive state. Light Sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Light Sensor The light switch sensor circuit is used to connect the lamp, while the light is faded. After the switch is ON for the lamp, the status is maintained and continues this status for specific period of time. This time can be set in between 1 to 5 hours, using P1. The oscillator is kept at 4060, using the S202DS2 semiconductor relay. Temperature Sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Temperature Sensor There is a heater element is deployed by connected in series with 16A, controlled by a pulse transformer. Sometimes, the zero crossing detector would be lower comparator, producing a square wave of 60Hz. The relay circuit is operated similar to the upper two comparators. Wireless Circuit Working The communication in the circuit is established through the radio receivers and transmitters. The links can be created in various configurations, so that the performance can be maximized. These links become the parent links that can make the information transmitted to the rest of the links present in the network. Description The desing of the circuit is based on the radio frequencies, rather than the transmission through infrared, as the radio frequencies are proved to be reliable and stronger compared to the transmission through infrared and radio frequencies can travel longer distances than the infrared transmission. In addition to that, infrared transmission can be propagated only if there are no obstacles, but radio frequencies have no limitations with obstacles. Infrared signals have inference problems, from the sources of other infrared, however, this is not the problem with the signals of the radio frequencies. Transmitter Circuit Figure: Circuit of RF Transmitter Initially, the data is received through Do to D3 pins, by the encoder, IC HT12E. The encoder then converts this four bit from parallel to serial and the data is trapped through DOUT. The serial output data from Dout is sent to TXM 433 MHz, via the Pin2. A0 to A7 address inputs provide the security for the data. It is also done by the logic ONE or ZERO (GND) also. The status of the A0 to A7 should be matched both at the ends of the transmitter and receiver. So, the transmission of the data can only be done by TXM 433 MHz, only when TE or Transmit Enable is low. The internal oscillations required for HT12E are provided by the external resistance, with the help of the 750K Ohm resistor. Receiver Circuit The circuit is employed with the a receiver, which receives the signals, transmitted by TXM 433 MHz. The data receives is passed to HT12D, via the DIN pin, where the data received in a serial format is converted to parallel data of four bits, at D0 to D3. Similar to the transmitter circuit, the address pins A0 to A7 status must match in the system towards the intended operation of the system. The LDR is connected to HT12Ds pin 17 and glows, if the transmission of data is successful from the transmitter to receiver. The sensors can form the parts of the machine, by linking them together, by huge computational power, relatively, when compared to the sensors employed individually. The sensors abilities of broadcast are usually affected by the higher content of moisture. The functionality of the circuit can possibly achieved, by allowing the sensors to be recognized, since the strengths of certain connections are based on the modifications performed over the conditions, which cause the hindrances. Real Time Implementation Circuit and Suggestions for Improvements Capacitive sensors are accurate, in terms of respiratory rate monitoring in real time and so are employed in the circuit. Many of these circuits are designed and developed using operational amplifiers, as these amplifiers have the quality factor (Q) improved. Conclusion Wireless sensors are collection of smaller devices, having their computational power to be limited and they have the applications in wider area. The design of circuit is based on the radio frequency transmission, rather than infrared, as the radio frequencies are more reliable and stronger. The major EMI source can be by equipment, such as motor, computer power supplies, power electronic converters or permanent magnets in the laboratory. References Akyildiz I. F. and Kasimoglu I.H. (2004)."Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks: Research Challenges".Ad Hoc Networks2 Dargie, W. and Poellabauer, C. (2010).Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks: theory and practice. John Wiley and Sons Matthew, L., Raju, K. Louis, W (2005). ISM-Band and Short Range Device Regulatory Compliance Overview, SWRA048, 1: 1-15 Peiris, V. (2013). "Highly integrated wireless sensing for body area network applications".SPIE Newsroom Sohraby, K., Minoli, D., Znati, T. (2007).Wireless sensor networks: technology, protocols, and applications. John Wiley and Sons Tiwari, Ankit et al., Energy-efficient wireless sensor network design and implementation for condition-based maintenance, ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN).

Nuclear Fusion Essays - Environmental Isotopes, Isotopes Of Hydrogen

Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion is the energy-producing process which takes place continuously in the sun and stars. In the core of the sun at temperatures of 10-15 million degrees Celsius, Hydrogen is converted to Helium providing enough energy for us to sustain life on earth. For energy production on earth, different fusion reactions are involved. The most suitable reaction occurs between the nuclei of the two light forms (isotopes) of Hydrogen - Deuterium and Tritium; eventually reactions involving just Deuterium or Deuterium and Helium may be used. A brief breakdown of the fuels used are as follows, Deuterium is a very abundant isotope of hydrogen and can be extracted from all forms of water, Tritium is not as abundant and is not a natural isotope, instead a machine is needed to extract it from lithium. Lithium, which is the lightest of all metals is plentiful on the earths crust, there is so much on the crust that right now they say there is enough to provide the planet with over a thousand years of electricity. Fusion power offers the potential of an almost limitless source of energy for future generations but it also presents some formidable scientific and engineering challenges. It is called 'fusion' because it is based on fusing light nuclei such as hydrogen isotopes to release energy. Effective energy-producing fusions require that gas from a combination of isotopes of hydrogen - deuterium and tritium - is heated to very high temperatures (100 million degrees centigrade) and confined for at least one second. One way to achieve these conditions is to use magnetic confinement. The Colliding Beam Fusion Reactor is a magnetic confinement system that avoids the typical anomalous transport (refers to all processes in which loss of particles or energy takes place - it is due to a variety of instabilities that lead to turbulence). The reactor is compact with good accessibility and low maintenance costs. Most of the technologies needed to evaluate this concept exist, or could become available with simple engineering modifications to existing technologies. Some of the advantages of using fusion as a source of energy are, that the fuels are plentiful, and will last for years, very safe to people because any malfunction results in immediate shutdown, also, there is no atmospheric pollution which can lead to harmful things such as acid rain or the greenhouse effect, and finally there is no need for disposal of materials. An example of just how much power this procedure produces is that, with 10 grams of Deuterium, which can be extracted from 500 liters of water, and 15g of Tritium, produced from 30g of Lithium would produce enough fuel for the lifetime electricity needs of an average person in an industrialized country. In closing I would like to add my personal opinion about nuclear fusion, I feel that it is an excellent source of energy for our planet to have, and although it is not available for home use as of yet, you can expect to have this great power source in your home within the next 25 years.